高中书面语管理体系专题讲座七七大分词（5+3）
一．一般来说那时时
内部结构
的确短语:宾语+代词代之/代词的第一人称复数+其它
驳斥短语:宾语+（助代词） dont/doesnt +代词代之+其它
一般来说疑问短语: Do/Does+宾语+代词代之+其它
隐晦提问:(肯)Yes,宾语+do/does (否)No,宾语+do/does not
简写方式: dont = do not doesnt = does not
短语：He often goes swimming in summer.
I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2.用语
1）则表示时常的、有意识的姿势或存有的状况，常与则表示频次的形容词连写。
常见的频次形容词有：always、often、 usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays.频次形容词在句中一般来说放到犯罪行为代词以后，系代词、助代词后。
比如: He often goes swimming in summer.
I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2）则表示宾语具有的性格、特征和潜能等。
比如：All my family love football . My sister is always ready to help others .
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
3)则表示客观真理、客观存有、自然现象。
比如：The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
4）则表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的姿势，可用一般那时时表将来。
但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。
比如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
He comes back tonight.
5）在复合句中，当主句是一般来说将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语代词只能用一般来说那时时来则表示将来要发生的姿势。
比如： Ill tell him the news when he comes back.
If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.
二．一般来说过去分词
内部结构
的确短语:宾语+代词过去式+其它
驳斥短语:宾语+（助代词）didn’t +代词代之+其它
一般来说疑问短语: Did+宾语+代词代之+其它
隐晦提问:(肯)Yes,宾语+did (否)No,宾语+did not
2.用语
则表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的姿势或情况。常和则表示过去的时间状语yesterday, just now, the other day, in 1982, ago, an hour ago, long long ago, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), at the age of 5, one day, once upon a time等连写
比如：Where did you go just now?
After a few years, she started to play the piano.
2）则表示在过去，时常或反复发生的姿势。常与often,always等则表示频次的形容词连写。
比如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
3）一般来说过去式也可与today,thisweek,thismonth,this year等表那时的时间状语连写，但这些时间状语须指过去的时间，决不包含“那时”“此时此刻”的意思。
比如：Did you see him today?今天你看见他了吗？
三．一般来说将来时
内部结构
内部结构1：
的确短语：宾语+助代词will+代词代之+其它
驳斥短语：宾语+助代词will+代词代之+not+其它
一般来说疑问短语：助代词Will+宾语+代词代之+其它
简单提问：在口语中，will在名词或代词后常缩为’ll，wii not常简缩为won’t。
在问句中，宾语为第一人称时（I和we）时，常见助代词shall。
比如：She’ll go to play basketball.
Shall we go to the zoo?
内部结构2：
的确短语：宾语+be going to +代词代之+其他
驳斥短语：宾语+be not going to +代词代之+其它
一般来说疑问短语：Be+宾语+going to+代词代之+其它
隐晦提问：（肯）Yes,宾语+be （否）No,宾语+be not
2.用语
1）则表示将来某个时间要发生的姿势或存有的状况，常与tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…), soon, in a few minutes, by…, the day after tomorrow等连写。
比如：Ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
2）、则表示说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测，一般来说见于be afraid, be/feel sure, hope, know, think等后面的从句或与形容词perhaps,possibly,maybe等连写。
比如：I think she’ll go back home for supper.
Maybe she’ll go to the gym.
将来时其它则表示法
1）be going to则表示将来
则表示说话人的打算、计划、安排或根据迹象判断必然或很可能发生的事情。
比如：What are you going to do tomorrow?
The play is going to be produced next month。
注意：be going to 和will之间的区别。
在时间上：be going to一般来说则表示马上要发生或相当快就要发生的事情；而will不指明任何具体时间，可以指遥远的未来。
He is going to be better.
He will be better.
计划/临时：两者都则表示意图时，be going to含有预先计划、准备的意思；will则指未经过预先思考或计划，是临时的一种决定。
— What are you going to do next Sunday?
— Im going to go fishing.
— Where is the telephone book?
— Ill go and get it for you.
两者都用于预测时，be going to意指有迹象表明某件事将要发生，属客观的推测；will则意指说话人认为/相信某件事将要发生，属主观的推测。在条件状语从句中，be going to表将来,will表意愿。
比如：If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Miss Gao will tell you the answer if you ask her.
2）“be to+代词代之”则表示客观安排或受人指示而将要做某事。
比如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
3）be about to +代词代之，意为马上做某事。不能与tomorrow, next week 等则表示明确将来时的时间状语连写，多于when引导的时间状语连用。
比如：He is about to leave for Beijing.
四．那时进行时
内部结构：
am/is/are+代词的那时分词
用语：
1）则表示那时（指说话人说话时）正在发生或进行的姿势。常与now, right now, at this moment, at this time, these days等时间状语连写。注：如果句首有警示性代词look、listen等，主句的代词也与那时进行时连写。
比如：We are waiting for you now.
Listen! The bird is singing in the tree.
2）.则表示现阶段（说话前后一段时间内），一直在进行的活动。说话时姿势未必正在进行。
比如：Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状况。）
He is thinking about this problem.这些天来他一直在考虑这个问题。
3）.则表示反复发生的姿势或持续存有的状况，常与always, constantly, forever 等词连写，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
比如：You are always changing your mind.
4）.则表示尚未完成的渐变过程，这样的代词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
比如：The leaves are turning red.
Its getting warmer and warmer.
5）、则表示移位的代词，如go,come,leave,start,arrive等，其那时进行时可表将来。
比如：Im leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。
The train is arriving soon.火车要到了。
注：不能用进行分词的代词
五．那时完成时
内部结构：
的确句：宾语+助动词have（has）+代词过去分词-ed
驳斥句：宾语+助代词have（has）+not(haven’t,hasn’t)+代词过去分词-ed
一般来说问句：Have(Has)+宾语+代词过去分词-ed+？
特殊问句：疑问词+have(has)+宾语+代词过去分词-ed+？
2.用语
含义：那时完成时用来则表示那时以后已发生或完成的姿势或状况，但其结果却和那时有联系,也就是说,姿势或状况发生在过去但它的影响那时还存有。
1）那时完成时往往同则表示不确定的过去时间状语连写,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等 Mr. Wang has just come back from America.王先生刚从美国回来。
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
那时完成时中的时间状语：
already一般来说见于的确句中，意为已经，位于犯罪行为代词以后, be代词、助代词后。有时可放到疑问句句尾，则表示惊讶。
比如：We have already cleaned the classroom.
Have you finished it already？
yet用于问句中则表示已经；用于驳斥句中，则表示还(没)。
比如：—Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？
—No, not yet.是,还没有。
ever意为曾经，常见于问句或驳斥句中，位于助代词和过去分词之间，则表示从过去到目前为止的时间。
比如： Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？
Nothing has ever happened here.这里未曾发生过什么事。
never意为（曾经）从未、没有,是驳斥形容词，在句中位于助代词和过去分词之间。ever与驳斥词not连写相当于never。比如：
I haven’t ever spoken to her.= I have never spoken to her.我从未跟她讲过话。
just意为刚刚,用于那时完成时,则表示犯罪行为刚刚过去,位于助代词与过去分词之间。
e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。
just now意为刚才,则表示过去某时,用于一般来说过去时,位于句首或句尾均可。
e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。
for 和since的用语及区别。for 与一段时间连写，since 与时间点连写。注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.
I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai.
I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I havenever seen her.
have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地,人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过,人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在,常与一段时间连写
e.g. She has been to Shanghai before.她以前曾去过上海。
She has been in Shanghai for ten years.她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao?他去青岛了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?2）、那时完成时还可用来则表示过去发生的姿势一直延续到那时，常带有for或since 等则表示一段时间的状语。
如：Mr Wang has lived here since 1983.
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3）、那时完成时瞬间代词即终止性代词不能与则表示一段时间的状语连写。
常见终止性代词与延续性代词(或状况代词)的对应关系如下:
come / go / arrive / get / reach / move— be in/at
open — be open die — be dead
close — be closed become —be
borrow — keep put on — wear
buy — have leave —– be away (from)
begin / start —– be on fall asleep —- be asleep
end/finish —– be over catch a cold —– have a cold
join the army —- be in the army, be a soldier
join the Party—- be in the Party , be a Party member
例：吉姆买这支已有两年了。
Jim bought this pen two years ago.
Jim has had this pen for two years.
Jim has had this pen since two years ago.
Jim has had this pen since 2007
It is two years since Jim bought this pen.
4）.在则表示“最近几世纪/年/月以来……”时间状语中，谓语代词用那时完成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等
5）.则表示“第几次做某事，”或在“It is the best (worst, most interesting )+名词＋that”后面跟那时完成时。
例：This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
6）have / has been to +地点意为“曾去过某地”，暗含目前已不在该地仅则表示当事人的一种经历而已。have / has gone to +地点“到了某地去了”，暗含“已离开原地去了某地”之意，但是否到达了某地尚不确定。如：He has gone to Shanghai.他去了上海。
He has been to Shanghai.他去过了上海。
六．过去完成时
内部结构：
助代词had＋代词过去分词
用语：
1）、则表示在过去某一时间或姿势以前已完成的犯罪行为或存有的状况。即发生的时间是过去的过去。常与“by the end of/by/before+过去时间”构成的短语连写。
比如：The train had already left before we arrived.
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the end of last term, we had learned five English songs.
2）则表示在过去某一姿势以后就已经发生或完成了的姿势；常见when,before,after等引导的从句作为姿势发生时间先后的对比，先发生的姿势用过去完成时，后发生的姿势用一般来说过去时。
When I got to the railway station, the train had already left.
当我到达火车站时，火车已经开走了
His father had worked in a TV factory for five years before he came here.
爸爸来这以后，在一家电视机厂工作了5年。
3）则表示过去未曾实现的计划、愿望等。这种用语中常见的代词为hope, want,plan,wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等。
比如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
I had thought that all knew about it.我以为他们都知道这件事呢。
七．过去进行时
内部结构：
was/were+代词的那时分词(–ing)
2.用语：
1）则表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的姿势。姿势发生的特指时间常见一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My family were watching TV at that time yesterday.
When I arrived,Tom was talking on the phone.
What were you doing at 9:00 o’clock yesterday morning.
注意：（1）以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句姿势，主句用过去进行时，则表示一个姿势发生时，
另一个姿势正在进行。
When he called me , I was having dinner .
（2）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的姿势在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常
译为“当……的时候，同时”。
Tom was doing his homework while his sister was watching TV .
2）、表移动的代词，如come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等词的过去进行时，可以则表示过去将要发生的姿势。
比如：She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday.
八．过去将来分词
则表示过去的某时以后将要发生的姿势。但这个”将来”时间绝不会延伸到那时；而仅限于过去时间区域内。由此可以看出，含这个分词的句子常带一个则表示过去某个时间点的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个分词常见于：
1.内部结构
a)would/should+代词代之
b)was/were going to+代词代之
2.用语
1）、则表示从过去某时看将要发生的姿势或存有的状况。常见于主句是一般来说过去时的宾语从句或间接引语中。
比如：He said that he would finish his work before 9 o’clock.
他说他会在九点以后完成工作。
When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be .
当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
2）、则表示过去的某种有意识姿势，只能用would。
比如：Whenever he has been in trouble, we would give him a hand.
每当他遇到困难时，我们总会伸出援助之手。
3）则表示过去情况中的愿望、倾向，多用于驳斥句。
No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it .
不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
They knew that we would never permit such a thing.
他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。
Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave .
甚至在讲座结束后，听众仍不肯离去。
选择
1. The population of the world still now.（2009甘肃兰州）
A. has; grown B. is; growing C. will; grow D. is; grown
2.—Good evening. I to see Miss Mary.（2009甘肃兰州）
—Oh, good evening. I’m sorry, but she is not in.
A. have come B. come C. came D. had come
3.— It’s time for dinner. Where is your father, Emma?
— He his bike in the yard.（2009新疆阜康）
A. clean B. cleaned C. is cleaning D. will clean
4. If you carefully, you the report well.（2009广州）
A. will listen; will be understood B. will listen; understand
C. listen; will understand D. listen; understand
5. They about eight hundred English words by the end of last term.（2009广州）
A. will learn B. had learned C. are going to learn D. have learned
6.—How did the accident happen?（2009广州）
—You know, it difficult to see the road clearly because it .
A. was; was raining B. is; has rained
C. is; is raining D. will be; will rain
7. Attention, please. There a football game between China and Korea this evening.
A. is going to be B. has been C. hasD. will have
8.—What does your sister like doing in her spare time？
—She watching TV.（2009湖北武汉）
A. likes B. liked C. has liked D. had liked
9.—When Jessy to New York？
—Yesterday.（2009湖北武汉）
A. does; get B. did; get C. has; got D. had; got
10.—How clean the bedroom is!（2009湖北武汉）
—Yes, I am sure that someone it.
A. cleans B. cleaned C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
11.My friend me. I have to leave now.（2009河北）
A. waits for B. waited for C. is waiting for D. was waiting for
12.Be sure to let Tom know the notice as soon as he .（2009河北）
A. will arrive B. was arriving C. arrives D. arrived
13.I the wrong thing. Can I use your eraser?（2009河北）
A. write B. wrote C. am writing D. will write
14.—Are you going to help John with his Chinese this evening?（2009山东威海）
—NO, He to England. He will be back next month.
A. returned B. has returned C. returns D. will return
15.—Who’s won the first prize in the competition?（2009山东烟台）
—Henry . He has it for a week.
A. is, won B. is, got C. has, had D. has, been given
16.—Is this the place that you ?（2009四川成都）
—No. I’ve never been there before.
A. have visited B. will visit C. are visiting D.would visit
17. It outside. You’d better take an umbrella with you.（2009江西）
A. rains B. is raining C. rained D. has rained
18.—Can I help you?（2009江西）
—I bought this watch here yesterday, but it work.
A. won’t B. didn’t C. doesn’t D. wouldn’t
19. I used to love this film when I was young, but I it that way any more.（2009江苏南京）
A. don’t feel B. didn’t feel C. haven’t felt D. hadn’t felt
20.—How was your trip to the ancient village?（2009湖北宜昌）—Fantastic! We to a museum of strange stones.A. go B. went C. are going D. will go
21.—Where is Peter?（2009湖南娄底）
—He volleyball with his friends in the school gym.
A. playsB. playedC. is playing D.was playing
22.—Hello! Can I speak to Mr. White?（2009江苏无锡）
—Sorry, he isn’t here right now. He to the theme park.
A. will go B. was going C. has gone D. has been
23.— you your drawing?（2009陕西绥德）
—Not yet! It will be done in a few minutes.
A. Did; finish B. Will; finish C. Do; finish D. Have; finished
24.She as an animal trainer since 2003.（2009.北京）
A. has worked B. works C. will work D. have worked
25.They her to the party, so she was very happy.（2009.北京）
A. invite B. invited C. will invite D. are inviting
26.Mr. Green to the manager now. You’d better call him later.（2009.北京）
A. talk B. talked C. is talking D. was talking
27. Prison Break is the best American TV play that I these years.（2009.安徽）
A. watch B. will watch C. have watched D. was watching
28.—Alice, turn down the TV, please. I on the phone.
—Oh, sorry.（2009.安徽）
A. have talked B. talked C. am talking D. talk
29.— Where are the Greens, may I ask?（2009吉林通化）
— Well, they to England. They have been there for nearly a week now.
A. have beenB. are going toC. have goneD. will go
30.The teachers the office for a few minutes when we arrived. We didn’t meet them.
A. had been away from B. had left C. have been away from D. have left
